ecotourism

effectiveness：Ecotourism involves the responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environmentand improves the well being of the locals.It is normally conducted in small groups.

One example is South Western part of Budongo Forest Reserve. Questionnaires and direct interviews were administered to 60 households and 10 key informants from the parishes of Biiso, Kihungia, Nyantonzi and Nyabyeya. The results show that the majority of the respondents are aware and benefit from the eco-tourism activities at Busingiro eco-tourism site. The benefits are in form of employment opportunities, local tourist guidance, income generation from handcraft and entertainment industry and social corporate financial support to rural development programes. The local community (82%) indicated that the sensitisation process in promoting eco-tourism in Budongo forest reserve has been effective and has reduced the incidences of illegal activities in the forest reserve. The findings of this study have revealed that there is an urgent need to increase local people participation in eco-tourism projects by emphasising education in hotel, tour operation and management skills and provision of training in artisan industry. Private sector investment in eco-tourism should be encouraged to operate with concessions from the government of Uganda.

Another example is australia.Ecotourism and nature tourism accreditation provide industry, protected area managers, local communities and travellers with an assurance that an accredited product is backed by a commitment to best practice ecological sustainability, natural area management and the provision of quality ecotourism experiences. Developed in Australia, the Eco Certification Program is now being exported to the rest of the world as the International Ecotourism Standard. Successful completion of Eco Certification Program includes Membership of Ecotourism Australia.

limitation: It is a great challenge to making eco-tourism popular among Chinese tourists. This is partially caused by the fact that eco-tourism is still new to tourism practitioners in Hong Kong. However, to a significant degree it is implicated by Chinese traditional ways of viewing nature and wilderness. The general knowledge of the Chinese people about nature and wilderness is mostly gained from its cultural classics - poetry and paintings. Many Chinese people are familiar with many places and landscapes in China theoretically (through readings) even though they have never been to those places. They tend to appreciate nature and wilderness through images illustrated in literature and art rather than harsh physical experience.

To most Chinese tourists, Hangzhou’s picturesque man-made lake, Suzhou’s gardens, old capital cities and palaces, and sacred mountains are more attractive than the wild Gobi Desert, highlands of Tibet, and virgin forests of Xingan Mountains. Consequently, it is difficult to make eco-tourism popular among the Chinese tourists, because eco-tourism is nature based and harsh physical encounter with wilderness is an important component of eco-tourism experience (Beeton, 1998).

community based:

Community-based tourism affords travelers with rare opportunities to experience local communities first hand. It's distinctive in that it provides an alternative to development that's not sustainable, giving rural and poor communities an additional source of income. Community-based tourism is socially sustainable tourism which is initiated and almost always operated exclusively by local and indiginous people. Shared ledership emphasizing community well-being over individual profit, balances power within communities, and fosters traditional culture, conservation, and responsible stewardship of the land.

One example is

Namibia is called the Community Based Tourism Association but is commonly refereed to as NACOBTA. NACOBTA was formed in 1995 by local Namibian communities who wanted to develop tourism in their previously neglected rural areas.

NACOBTA is a non-profit organisation which strives to improve the living standards amongst the communities of rural Namibia, furthermore they strive to ensure that community based tourism enterprises are viable and to integrate community tourism into the Namibian tourism sector.

Visitors to Namibia who support these enterprises makes a crucial contribution to rural development in Namibia. It allows communities to take part in the tourism sector and to develop businesses, which will provide employment opportunities and generate income in the region where they live.

This in turn provides communities with another livelihood strategy and gives them more control and choice over their own development.

Another example is kenya.In Kenya, community-based enterprises (CBEs) are preferred. This paper evaluates CBE potential and challenges for poverty reduction in Kenya. Reviewing literature on Kenyan tourism development, it uses case studies of six Kenyan CBEs spread across Kenya's tourism-focused community-based initiatives selected using opportunistic and snowball sampling. The case studies used individual in-depth semi-structured interviews with community leaders, CBE managers, tourism academics, support organisations and government officials, and focus groups with community members. The paper develops a detailed understanding of the CBEs, identifying the catalyst for their establishment and the role and degree of external intervention. It explores critical success factors, the extent to which CBEs alleviate poverty, and factors making communities welcome CBEs (or not). The results emphasise the conservation orientation of CBEs, with support agencies preferring partnership approaches involving white investment which inadequately addresses community priorities. Through foreign resource control and heavy reliance on donor funding, CBEs promote neocolonialism and reinforce dependency. An urgent review of the support framework for community tourism development in Kenya integrating the principles of sustainable development is advocated.

limitations:It is an effective form of sustainable tourism when implemented appropriately.However, if certain parties fail to share in the ideals of community-based tourism,the environment and livelihood of others may be jeopardised.

As community-based tourism is conducted on a small scale,there is relatively less revenue for local communities to earn from tourist as compared to mass tourism.Tourists are likely to have used up most of their expenditure on air travel or on foreighn tour poeraters,since there is generally little opportunity for them to spend large amounts of money in the places they visit,therefore,only a smalll portion of a tourist's expenditure goes to the loval community,and this revenue may be insufficient to fun certain community -bae tourism projects.

businesses:

The tourism industry consists of many tourism-related busineses,such as hotells ,tour operators,transport sevices and retail shops.These stakeholders provide employment,generate revenue and act as frequent points of contact between the tourist and the destination.Therefore, their active involvement in making tourism sustainable is of great importance as well . For example,the International Tourism Partnership, a worldwide membership organisation for commercial businesses in the tourism sector provides practical guidelines for hotels to adopt.

Tourists: